What are the basic clinical manifestations of diabetes

Common symptoms: polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss, emaciation, fatigue, blurred vision

(1) basic clinical findings

Hyperglycaemia is caused by osmotic diuresis, which leads to polyuria, thirst and excessive drinking, impaired glucose utilization in peripheral tissues, increased fat catabolism, negative balance of protein metabolism, gradually fatigue and emaciation, and stunted growth and development of children; In order to compensate for the loss of sugar, to maintain physical activity, patients often hungry, overeating, so the clinical manifestations of diabetes is often described as “Three more, one less”, that is, polyuria, polydipsia, overeating and weight loss. Can have cutaneous SAO urticant, especially vulva Sao urticant. When the blood sugar rises quickly, can make the aqueous humor of the eye, the lens osmotic pressure change causes the refraction change to cause the vision to be fuzzy. Many patients do not have any symptoms, only in the health check or because of a variety of diseases to visit the laboratory found high blood sugar.

Polyuria

Because the blood sugar is too high, surpasses the kidney sugar threshold (8.89 ~ 10.0 mmol/l) , the glucose which passes through the kidney glomerulus can not be completely absorbed by the kidney tubule, forms the osmotic diuresis, the blood sugar is higher, the urine sugar excretes more, the urine volume is more, 24 hours urine volume may reach 5000 ~ 10000 ml, but the elderly and people with kidney disease, renal sugar threshold increased, urinary glucose excretion disorders, in the blood glucose mild to moderate increase, polyuria can not be obvious.

2. Drink more

Mainly due to the high blood sugar makes the plasma osmotic pressure increase obviously, together with the polyuria, the water loses excessively, the occurrence cell dehydrates, aggravates the high blood sugar, causes the plasma osmotic pressure to increase obviously further, stimulates the thirsty center, causes the thirst and drinks more, excessive drinking further aggravates polyuria.

3. Eat more

The mechanism of overeating is not very clear, most scholars tend to be caused by the decrease of glucose utilization ratio (the difference of glucose concentration in the arterial and venous blood before and after entering and leaving the tissue cells) , while the difference of glucose concentration in the arterial and venous blood of normal people during fasting is reduced, stimulation of feeding center, resulting in hunger, increase of blood glucose after feeding, increase of blood concentration difference between artery and vein (more than 0.829 mmol/L) , inhibition of feeding center, excitation of Satiety Center, disappearance of feeding requirement, however, because of the absolute or relative lack of insulin or the insensitivity of tissues to insulin, the ability of tissues to absorb and utilize glucose is decreased in diabetic patients, tissue cells are actually in a state of “Starvation,”which stimulates the feeding center, causing hunger and overeating. In addition, the body can not make full use of glucose, and a large amount of glucose is excreted from the urine, so the body is actually in a state of semi-starvation, lack of energy also causes overeating.

4. Weight loss

Despite normal appetite and appetite, even increase in patients with diabetes, but weight loss, mainly due to absolute or relative lack of insulin or insulin resistance, the body can not make full use of glucose to produce energy, resulting in enhanced decomposition of fat and protein, excessive consumption, negative nitrogen balance, gradual weight loss, and even weight loss, once diabetes has been properly treated and well controlled, weight loss can be controlled, or even increased, if patients with diabetes in the treatment of weight loss or significant weight loss, metabolic control may be poor or combined with other chronic wasting disease.

5. weakness

It is also common in people with diabetes. The inability of the body to fully oxidize glucose means that the body does not make full use of glucose and effectively release energy. The body also loses water, water-electrolyte imbalance, and negative nitrogen balance, listlessness.

6. Loss of vision

Many diabetic patients complain of vision loss or blurred vision at the early stage of treatment, which may be related to the change of lens osmotic pressure and the change of lens diopter caused by hyperglycemia, once blood sugar is well controlled, vision returns to normal more quickly.