Polyethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol fatty acid esters are widely used in the cosmetics industry and the pharmaceutical industry. Because polyethylene glycol has many excellent properties: water solubility, non-volatility, physiological inertness, mildness, lubricity, and makes the skin moist, soft, and pleasant after use. Different molecular weight fractions of polyethylene glycol can be selected to change the viscosity, hygroscopicity and tissue structure of the product. Polyethylene glycol with low molecular weight ( M r <2000) is suitable for use as a wetting agent and consistency regulator, used in creams, lotions, toothpaste and shaving cream, etc., and also suitable for non-washed hair care products , Gives hair a silky luster. Polyethylene glycol with high relative molecular weight ( M r >2000) is suitable for lipsticks, deodorant sticks, soaps, shaving soaps, foundations and cosmetics. In cleaning agents, polyethylene glycol is also used as a suspending agent and thickening agent. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as a base for ointments, emulsions, ointments, lotions and suppositories.
Polyethylene glycol is widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical preparations, such as injections, topical preparations, ophthalmic preparations, oral and rectal preparations. Solid-grade polyethylene glycol can be added to liquid polyethylene glycol to adjust the viscosity for topical ointment; polyethylene glycol mixture can be used as a suppository base; polyethylene glycol aqueous solution can be used as a suspending agent or used to adjust other The viscosity of the suspension medium; polyethylene glycol is used in combination with other emulsifiers to increase the stability of the emulsion. In addition, polyethylene glycol is also used as a film coating agent, tablet lubricant, controlled release material and so on.
Biomedical applications
Medical polyethylene glycol is also called polyethylene oxide (PEO). Linear polyether obtained by ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide. The main uses in the biomedical field are as follows:
1. Liquid for contact lenses. Utilizing the viscosity of polyethylene glycol aqueous solution is more sensitive to shear rate and bacteria are not easy to grow on polyethylene glycol.
2. Synthetic lubricant. Condensation polymer of ethylene oxide and water. In order to prepare the ointment base of water-soluble drugs, it can also be used as a solvent for acetylsalicylic acid, caffeine, nimodipine and other insoluble drugs that are difficult to dissolve in water for the preparation of injections.
3. Carriers for sustained drug release and immobilized enzymes. The polyethylene glycol aqueous solution is coated on the outer layer of the pill to control the diffusion of the drug in the pill in the body to improve the drug effect.
4. Surface modification of medical polymer materials. The use of amphiphilic copolymers containing polyethylene glycol to adsorb, trap and graft on the surface of medical polymer materials can improve the biocompatibility of medical polymer materials in contact with blood.
5. Making alkanol contraceptive film.
6. Make hydrophilic anticoagulant polyurethane.
7. Polyethylene glycol 4000 is an osmotic laxative, which can increase the osmotic pressure in the intestinal cavity, absorb water, soften the stool, increase its volume, and promote bowel movement and defecation.
8. Denture fixative. Polyethylene glycol is used as a component of denture fixatives with its non-toxic and gel-forming properties.
9. PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 are commonly used to promote cell fusion or protoplast fusion and help organisms (such as yeast) to take up DNA during transformation. PEG can absorb the water in the solution, so it is also used to concentrate the solution.
10. In the experiment of studying protein molecules, the crowded environment in the body can be simulated to verify the influence of crowded environment on protein structure
Maximum allowable use of food additives and maximum allowable residue standards
Chinese name of additive: Polyethylene glycol
Chinese names of foods that allow the use of such additives: candies and chocolate coatings
Additive function: coating agent
Maximum allowable usage (g/kg): use appropriate amount according to production needs
Maximum allowable residual amount (g/kg): use appropriate amount according to production needs
Facilitator
An excellent chemical melting promoter used in protoplast fusion. It is a polymer of ethylene glycol with the chemical formula HO(CH 2 CH 2 O) n H. It is a white, slightly yellow waxy solid, soluble in water, and has a slight odor. There are a series of polymers with different relative molecular masses. Those with a relative molecular mass between 200 and 6000 can be used as a melting accelerator, but the one with 1000 is better (it is liquid at this time). PEG strong water soluble, in the liquid medium, the surface of the molecule thereof an ether bond with a weak negative charge in of Ca 2+ participation of ions, can be positively charged or negatively charged surface proteins of glycoproteins by The Ca 2+ bridge is connected, so that the cells aggregate and fuse. In 50% PEG, free water disappears, which can cause cell dehydration and cause changes in plasma membrane structure and cell fusion.
The advantages of PEG used in cell fusion are:
①It has strong versatility and can be used in various cells of animals, plants and microorganisms.
②It is easier to prepare and control than Sendai virus.
③Stable activity and easy to use.
weakness is:
①The effective concentration range is narrow (50%～55%), but it is more toxic to cells at this time.
②The process of cell fusion cannot be observed under the microscope.
③The frequency of inducing hybrid cells is low (about 1×10 -5 ). In addition to being used as a melting accelerator, it can also be used to promote the uptake of exogenous transformed DNA by yeasts, and can be used as a precipitant in clinical chemistry and as an osmotic concentrate for aqueous solutions or suspensions such as serum.
other:
Used as analytical reagent, also used in the pharmaceutical industry
Used in softeners, lubricants, etc.
Used as a matrix in medicine and cosmetics, as a dispersant, lubricant, emulsifier, etc. in the rubber, metal processing, pesticide and other industries
Organic synthesis medium, moisturizer for daily cosmetics industry, inorganic salt solubilizer, viscosity modifier, etc.
Used as flocculant, fluid antifriction agent, textile sizing agent, retention and drainage aid, binding agent, thickener, and denture fixative, etc.
Used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, chemical fiber, rubber, paper, paint, electroplating
Used as a mold agent, metal wire drawing, stamping and forming lubricant, paper industry lubricant, cutting fluid, grinding fluid cooling lubrication, polishing agent, etc.
Used as PVC lubricant, masterbatch additive, textile softener, pigment dispersant, etc.
As a papermaking additive, it can increase the retention rate of fillers and fine fibers. When the relative molecular mass is above 3 million, it has good dispersibility, certain wettability, drag reduction and pyrolysis. It is an effective deflocculant. Adding to the pulping can increase the viscosity of the slurry, prevent the fibers from adhering to each other, improve the uniformity of the paper, reduce the power consumption of beating, and increase the physical strength.
PEG-200: It can be used as a medium for organic synthesis and a heat carrier with higher requirements. It can be used as a humectant , inorganic salt solubilizer, and viscosity regulator in the daily chemical industry ; it can be used as a softener and antistatic in the textile industry. Agent ; used as a wetting agent in the papermaking and pesticide industries.
PEG-400: PEG-400 is most suitable for soft capsules. Because PEG400 is a liquid, it has wide compatibility with various solvents. It is a good solvent and solubilizer and is widely used in liquid preparations, such as oral liquids and eye drops. When vegetable oil is not suitable for active ingredient carrier, PEG is the material of choice. This is mainly because PEG is stable and not easily deteriorated. Injections containing PEG are safe and stable when heated to 150 degrees Celsius. In addition, it can be mixed with high molecular weight (PEG) and the mixture has good solubility and good compatibility with drugs.
PEG-400, 600, 800: used as a base for medicine and cosmetics, as a lubricant and wetting agent in the rubber industry and textile industry. PEG-600 added to the electrolyte in the metal industry can enhance the grinding effect and enhance the gloss of the metal surface.
PEG-1450, 3350: PEG-1450, 3350 are most suitable for ointments, suppositories, and creams. Due to the high water solubility and wide melting point range, PEG1450 and 3350 can be used alone or in combination to produce a long storage time and a melting point range that meets the requirements of drugs and physical effects. Suppositories using PEG bases are less irritating than traditional grease bases.
PEG-1000, PEG-1500: used as a matrix or lubricant and softener in the pharmaceutical, textile and cosmetic industries; used as a dispersant in the coating industry to improve the water dispersibility and flexibility of the resin, the dosage is 10-30 %; In the ink, it can improve the dissolving ability of the dye and reduce its volatility. It is especially suitable for wax paper and stamp pad ink. It can also be used for adjusting the viscosity of ink in ballpoint pen ink. It is used as a dispersant in the rubber industry to promote vulcanization. , Used as a dispersant for carbon black fillers.
PEG-2000, 3000: used as metal processing mold agent, metal drawing, stamping or forming lubricant and cutting fluid, grinding cooling lubricating polishing agent, welding agent, etc.; used as a lubricant in the paper industry, etc., also used as a heat Melt adhesive to increase rapid rewetting ability.
PEG-4000, 6000, 8000: PEG-4000, 6000, 8000 are used in tablets, capsules, film coatings, dripping pills, suppositories, etc.
PEG-4000, 6000 in the pharmaceutical industry as an excipient , used as a suppository preparation, the paste; paper industry as a coating agent , increase the gloss and smoothness of paper; as an additive in the rubber industry, rubber products increase the lubricity Properties and plasticity, reduce power consumption during processing, and extend the service life of rubber products.
Used as a matrix in the production of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries to adjust viscosity and melting point; used as a lubricant and coolant in the rubber and metal processing industries; as a dispersant and emulsifier in the industrial production of pesticides and pigments; Used as antistatic agent and lubricant in textile industry.
Due to the plasticity of PEG and its ability to release drugs from tablets in the process of making tablets, high-molecular-weight PEG (PEG4000, PEG6000, PEG8000) is very useful as an adhesive for making tablets. PEG can make the surface of the tablet shiny and smooth, while not easily damaged. In addition, a small amount of high molecular weight PEG (PEG4000, PEG6000, PEG8000) can prevent the adhesion between sugar-coated tablets and the adhesion between medicine bottles.
Cell fusion technology mainly uses polyethylene glycol: polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules can change the biomembrane structure of various types of cells, so that the lipid molecules of the plasma membrane at the contact point of two cells are evacuated and reorganized. The mutual affinity of the bilayer plasma membrane and the interaction of the surface tension between the cells cause the cells to fuse and form hybrid cells. By culturing the hybrid cells (cytoplasmic hybrids), some special hybrid plants can be obtained.
Uses in molecular biology: PEG can induce the aggregation of macromolecules in aqueous solutions. There are many uses in molecular cloning, including: 1. Precipitation of DNA according to molecular size; 2. Precipitation and purification of phage particles; 3. Hybridization, blunt-end ligation of DNA molecules and increase of complementary nucleic acid when DNA end-labeling with T4 polynuclease kinase Chain binding efficiency. 4. Fusion of cells or bacterial protoplasts.
Polyethylene glycol series products can be used as raw materials for ester surfactants.
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