Wheat is the general name of the Triticum genus, and the representative species is common wheat (scientific name: Triticum aestivum L.). It is a gramineous plant and is a cereal crop widely cultivated all over the world. The caryopsis of wheat is one of the staple foods of mankind. The flour can be made into bread, steamed bread, biscuits, noodles and other foods, and after fermentation, it can be made into beer, alcohol, liquor (such as vodka), or biomass fuel .
Wheat is one of the three major cereals, almost all of which is used for food, and only about one-sixth is used as feed. The Mesopotamia is the first region in the world to cultivate wheat, and China is one of the earliest countries in the world to grow wheat.
History of botany
Wheat is the product of humans domesticating their wild ancestors in the Neolithic Age , and has been cultivated for more than 10,000 years. In the vast areas of Central Asia, many remnants have been unearthed in the settlements of the primitive society in prehistoric times, including wild and cultivated wheat spikelets and grains, carbonized wheat grains, wheat ears and grain marks on hard mud. As early as 7000-6000 BC, wheat has been extensively cultivated in Turkey, Iran, Palestine, Iraq, Syria, and Israel; in Pakistan in 6000 BC, Greece and Spain in Europe between 6000 BC and 5000 BC, AD Wheat was grown in Transcaucasus and Turkmenistan in the Soviet Union between 5000 and 4000 BC, Egypt in Africa in 4000 BC, China in 3000±159 BC (see below for details), and India in 3000 BC. China's wheat gradually expanded from the middle reaches of the Yellow River to all parts of the south of the Yangtze River, and was introduced into North Korea and Japan. Between the 15th and 17th centuries, European colonists spread wheat to North and South America; in the 18th century, wheat spread to Oceania.
Southwestern Iran, northwestern Iraq, and southeastern Turkey are the first places where the cultivation of a grain of wheat and Timofewi wheat was domesticated. Northwestern Israel, southwestern Syria, and southeastern Lebanon are the distribution centers of wild emerald and the origin of cultivated emerald. The appearance of common wheat was later than that of one-grain wheat and two-grain wheat. It is generally believed that it originated in the southwestern part of the Caspian Sea about 8000 years ago.
According to textual research, at a certain period in history, when the cultivated two-grain wheat was brought to the distribution area of goatgrass in a certain area in western Iran, natural hybridization occurred, and the hybrid produced common wheat after the chromosomes were naturally doubled. According to the traditional view, the evolutionary process of wild wheat with AA chromosome and Aegilops pseudospelt with BB chromosome naturally hybridized to produce wild two-eyed wheat (genome AABB); Grain wheat was domesticated into cultivated two-grain wheat, and then naturally crossed with Aegilops with DD chromosome to produce common wheat (genome AABBD).
In Sanmenxia, Luoyang, Lushi, Xi'an, Baoji and other places on both sides of the Yellow River basin, there are a large number of wheatgrass whose botanical characteristics are the closest to common wheat cultivars. This kind of wheatgrass may have been collected and cultivated by our ancestors. Following the discovery of the Yunnan wheat subspecies, the original type of common wheat (called Tibetan semi-wild wheat) with spontaneously broken ears was found in the Tibet Plateau; in the Ili River Valley there are large tracts of Aegilops (commonly known as Jiejiemai in China) The original community, and the wheat fields in the middle reaches of the Yellow River have long been mixed Jiejie. These facts are of great significance to the study of the origin, evolution and spread of wheat in China.
Carbonized wheat and barley grains 5000±159 years ago were discovered in Donghuishan New Age site in 1985 and 1986; Carbonized wheat seeds were also found in the Neolithic site excavated in Diaoyutai, Bo County, Anhui Province in 1955 . The above provides evidence to Mai for the Chinese origin theory from botany and archeology.
Cultivated wheat was found in the Erlitou Cultural Site of the Quillacea Tree, and it is the fourth largest food crop . It shows that in the Xia Dynasty, wheat was one of the main food crops. The oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins have records of "Gao Mai" and "Shi Mai". "Book of Songs·Zhou Song·Qing Temple Thoughts": "I come to Mou", also known as "麳麰". The Three Kingdoms Wei Zhangye (3rd century) "Guangya" has: "Barley, Mie Ye; Lacris, Nie Ye" records. In the later ancient documents, wheat was referred to as wheat for short, and other wheat types were prefixed with the words "大" and "穬" in front of "麦" to distinguish it from wheat. According to the region represented by the "mai" mentioned in the "Book of Songs", it is explained that in the 6th century BC, wheat was commonly cultivated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. According to later historical records, the area south of the Yangtze River was planted in the first century AD, and the southwestern area was planted in the 9th century AD. By the Ming Dynasty "Tiangong Kaiwu" (1637), it was recorded that wheat had spread all over the country and played an important role in food production. In 2016, the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology continued to excavate the Haojing site. In a ash pit used for landfilling garbage in the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty, archaeologists discovered a batch of carbonized wheat grains, although there are 2800 For many years, the shape of the wheat grains is still well preserved. This shows that at least in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, large-scale planting of wheat has begun around the capital of the country, Gaojing. This discovery challenges the traditional view that "the widespread cultivation of wheat in northern my country began in the Han Dynasty".
The origin of wheat is the Fertile Crescent in West Asia. The earliest discovery of wheat ruins in China was near the Hemudu Basin. The Kongque River Basin in Xinjiang is also known as Loulan ; in the Xiaohe Cemetery in Loulan, charcoalized wheat was also found four thousand years ago. Four thousand years ago, the desert oasis along the lower reaches of the Tarim River and the Kongque River had abundant water resources and a vegetation coverage rate of as high as 40%. At that time, there were wandering fish in the water, there were flying animals in the forest, the green grassland was grazing, and the land was suitable for farming. There is a very good living soil in a small environment. But the only problem and the most critical one is the ecological fragility of the desert oasis. A little change will cause unexpected disasters to life.
Wheat was rarely grown in the south, but it was gradually promoted to the south after the Han Dynasty. "Book of Jin·Five Elements" says: "In the second year of Emperor Yuan Emperor Daxing (319 AD), Wujun (now Jiangsu), Wuxing (now Huzhou, Zhejiang), Dongyang (now Dongyang, Zhejiang) had no wheatgrass (Here refers to rice). Said), great hunger.” It can be seen that at the beginning of the fourth century, Mai had achieved a certain position in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Since then, it has been promoted one after another, mainly because of the spread of the farmers themselves, and sometimes the dynasty government or local officials have also urged the promotion. In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, northerners migrated in large numbers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Fujian, Guangdong and other provinces. Northerners are accustomed to eating wheat, and the demand for wheat suddenly increases, so the price of wheat soars, which stimulates the production of wheat. Therefore, the cultivation of wheat rapidly expanded. Southern Song Zhuang Jiyu wrote in his "Chicken Ribs" (early twelfth century): "At this moment, the contiguous wheat fields are no less than Huaibei." In other words, they are no less than the north.
The growing seasons of wheat and rice are different. As long as the arrangements are well arranged, wheat can be planted after harvesting the rice in autumn, and seedlings can be planted after harvesting the wheat in summer. The same field can be grown twice a year. The promotion of wheat does not hinder the cultivation area of rice. In the Northern Song Dynasty Zhu Changwen's " Wu Jun Map Continuation " (1084) said: "Wuzhong has a fertile land and rich products. Rice is planted after cutting wheat. The rice is grown twice a year, and the rice is early and late." Later, the Southern Song Dynasty Chen Yan (fū皮)" "Nongshu" (1149) and Wang Zhen's "Nongshu" (1313) also talk about the two-cropping system of rice and wheat. Moreover, according to Wang Zhen's "Nongshu" records, the South has a considerable level of technology for growing wheat, and the yield per unit area is relatively high, not worse than that of the North.
Wheat is not only promoted in the south, but also in the north. Before the Yuan Dynasty, there was such a farm proverb: "Harvesting wheat is like fighting fire." In terms of production tools, wheat samarium (shàn fan, a long sickle) was used in the Tang Dynasty, and new improvements were made in the early years of the Yuan Dynasty. The finished wheat harvester is shaped like a dustpan and slightly larger. One side of it is equipped with a samarium blade. When the wheat ears are cut with the blade, the wheat ears will naturally fall into the ears.) Combine it into a complete set of fast wheat harvesters. It is used in this way: the wheat cage is installed on a wooden shelf with four small wheels underneath, and it is dragged away with a rope around the waist. The wheat-cutter cuts the wheat ears with samarium, and the wheat ears follow to Chuoli, and then pour the wheat in Chuoli back into the cage. When the cage is full, it is pulled to the barley field. According to Wang Zhen's "Nongshu" record: "Ten mu can be harvested a day, ten times faster than with a sickle in the south." If you didn't grow a lot of wheat, you would not have created such a fast wheat harvester.
According to the estimation of Ming Song Yingxing's "Heavenly Creations", wheat accounted for a little more than 15% of the country's total grain output at that time. Although this is a rough estimate, it can be clearly seen that wheat ranks second only to rice in the Ming Dynasty food crops.
People often say "wheat" is wheat, of course, there are other types of wheat, such as barley and oats . In ancient Europeans, wheat mainly ate barley until it was replaced by wheat after the 16th century. Barley is mainly used as beer in the world, this kind of world-class beverage. 80% of the world's barley production is turned into beer and poured into people's stomachs. One catty of barley can make 4 to 5 catties of beer. The unique bitterness of beer is also caused by the addition of hops.
China has implemented quota management on wheat imports since 1996. Since April 2002, the zero export tax rate policy for corn, wheat and rice has been implemented, which has improved the export competitiveness of my country’s grain varieties. The increase in wheat imports and exports is related to the variety. It exports feed-use aging wheat (mainly spring wheat) to neighboring countries such as South Korea at a lower price, and imports high-quality durum wheat from the United States and other countries . According to the agreement reached between China and the United States, China’s accession to the WTO will reduce tariffs on agricultural products to 14.5%-15% within five years, open up imports of agricultural products such as wheat, and implement a "tariff proportional quota system." By 2006, the wheat quota should be increased from 2 million tons to 9.3 million tons, and the private sector should initially be 10%. The Chinese government strongly advocates the retention of tariff quotas in world trade negotiations.
Wheat is one of China's most important food rations. The development of the wheat industry is directly related to national food security and social stability. The domestic resource environment, grain supply and demand pattern and international trade situation have all undergone profound changes.
China has a large population, and ensuring national food security has always been the top priority of the country's governance. The 2013 Central Economic Work Conference and the Central Rural Work Conference both put food security in the first place, and clearly stated that the national food security strategic policy is: "We are the mainstay, based on the domestic, ensure production capacity, moderate imports, scientific and technological support", the strategic goal Yes: Ensure that grains are basically self-sufficient and rations are absolutely safe.
Under the new situation of the synchronization of the "four modernizations" and opening to the outside world, in order to refine and implement the new strategic guidelines and goals for food security proposed by the central government, the author has systematically and in-depth thoughts on the development of the domestic wheat industry, and believes that the development of the wheat industry faces six major issues. Prominent problems need attention and response.
Morphological characteristics
Identify the cross section of the caryopsis: the peel and the seed coat are healed. One row of peel epidermal cells , with thicker walls, especially flat peripheral walls; several rows of cells in the middle layer of the peel, thick walls; a row of horizontal cells, vertically staggered with the skin and middle layers of cells, with pores; sometimes tube cells can be seen under the transverse cell layer . The seed coat is brownish-yellow, the cells are decadent and shrunken, and there are remnants of nucellus inside, the cells are square-shaped, and layered textures are vaguely visible. The endosperm outermost aleurone layer , the remainder being rich in starch granules of parenchyma cells .
The fruit is white powder with small pieces of yellow-brown peel. Main features: Starch granules are mainly flat round, elliptical or round triangle-shaped, with a diameter of 30-40μm, a side view of double lens, shell-like, 11-19μm wide, slightly pointed or blunt ends at both ends, cracks at the umbilicus Shape, a small number of compound granules, composed of 2 to 4 or more granules. The transverse cells are in slices, slender and cylindrical, with a length of 38 to 232 μm and a diameter of 6 to 21 μm, and the wall is thickened with beads. The pericarp epidermal cells are rectangular or long polygonal, 64-216μm in length, 16-42μm in diameter, and thickened in the shape of a rosary. The cells in the middle layer of the peel are elongated or irregular, and the walls are thickened like beads. Non-glandular hair single cells, 43-950μm long, 11-29μm diameter, 5-11μm wall thickness.
The culms are erect, clustered, with 6 to 7 nodes, 60 to 100 cm in height, and 5 to 7 mm in diameter. The leaf sheath is loose phimosis, the lower part is longer than the upper part and shorter than the internode; the leaf tongue is membranous, about 1 mm long; the leaf blade is long lanceolate. Spikes are erect, 5-10 cm long (except awns), 1-1.5 cm wide; spikelets contain 3-9 small flowers, the upper part is underdeveloped; glumes are ovoid, 6-8 mm long, and the main vein is on the upper part of the back Ridged, extending from the top to about 1 mm long teeth, the side veins of the dorsal and top teeth are not obvious; the lemma is oblong-lanceolate, 8-10 mm long, with awn or no awn at the top; lemma and outer They are equal in length.
Growth environment
The soil layer is deep, the structure is good and the cultivated layer is deep, which is conducive to water storage and fertilizer preservation, and promotes the development of root system. Soil structure refers to the composition ratio of solid (organic and inorganic), liquid, and gas. It is closely related to soil moisture, air, temperature, and nutrients. For example, sand and heavy clay have poor structure and are difficult to form high yields.
The average daily temperature of winter type varieties is 16～18℃, semi-winter type is 14～16℃, and spring sex is 12～14℃. The height of the temperature is affected by geographical latitude and altitude, that is, the higher the latitude and altitude, the lower the temperature and the earlier the sowing period.
Wheat long-day crops (8 to 12 hours of light per day), if the sun conditions are insufficient. It can't pass the light stage, and it can't head and bear fruit. The light stage of wheat is after the vernalization stage.
Planting Techniques
Farming and land preparation
Plowing and soil preparation can make the arable layer soft, the soil fragmented and the ground level, suitable for dryness and wetness, promote the strength of the whole wheat seedlings , and ensure the coordinated growth of the underground and the upper part, so it is an important link to create high-yield soil conditions. The specific method varies with paddy field, dry land and different previous crops.
1. Rice-wheat multi-cropping wheat field preparation due to long-term water soaking in the rice field , soil compaction, poor permeability, so it is necessary to use dry and dry rotation, alternating dry and wet, to promote soil maturation . The characteristic of land preparation is that when the previous crop is harvested earlier, it should be plowed as soon as possible in order to take advantage of the high temperature and sunny weather in early autumn. Seed seeding ; it was used as a late rice or hybrid rice planting field. Due to the short harvesting and sowing interval, the ditch should be opened when the rice seeds are scattered, and the thin slices should be dried and the kang field should be short-term. Under the premise of not delaying the timely sowing of wheat, it is also It can be used for shallow rotation to prepare the ground to create a good seedbed and growth base for wheat.
2. Dryland grading gradually deepened topsoil should be based on binding Adding organic fertilizer , improved water retention based on the fat, depending on site preparation forms revaccination. That is, the earlier harvest of the previous crops, such as spring corn , sorghum , tobacco, etc., should be harvested with shallow ploughing and stubble removal, and then deep plowing of the kang soil to make the stubble rot and accept the autumn rain, and shallow rake after the rain to reduce evaporation; another type such as sweet potato , Cotton, etc., the harvest time is tight. If the conventional method is used, it will inevitably delay the sowing period. This is one of the important reasons for the low yield of wheat in the southwestern region . Therefore, on the one hand, promote soil loosening between rows in the later stage of the previous crop to preserve moisture, and then plow and level the wheat when planting; on the other hand, promote continuous operations such as digging potatoes, leveling the ground, fertilizing, and sowing to ensure timely wheat planting.
Less tillage, no tillage and semi-dry cultivation
1. Less tillage and no tillage
The so-called less tillage and no tillage are compared with traditional land preparation, reducing the frequency of land preparation and reducing the intensity of land preparation. For wheat fields with sticky wet soil, difficult tillage, and easy to destroy the soil structure , unnecessary or even harmful tillage is avoided. , So this is a development and improvement of wheat soil preparation technology. According to the research on no-tillage of rice stubble and wheat , its yield increase mechanism can be summarized as follows.
(1) Maintain good soil structure and moisture
No-tillage does not disrupt the soil layer , maintains the original pores of the paddy soil, and avoids the sticking phenomenon caused by wet tillage. Compared with no-tillage and tillage, the soil bulk density of the plough layer is 1.15-1.20 and 1.34-1.40, respectively, and water and air are more coordinated.
(2) Conducive to improving the quality of sowing
Under the premise of ensuring timely sowing, since the field surface is flat, it is beneficial to dig nests or ditches for on-demand sowing. The planting specifications are implemented to avoid deep seeds, clusters of seeds, and exposed seeds caused by rough tillage and rotten seeds, so that the seedlings are uniform, uniform and seedlings. strong.
(3) Developed root system, strong lodging resistance
The soil structure is good, which is conducive to root development and water absorption. According to multiple surveys, the number of secondary roots per plant in no-tillage is 16.0% higher than that in plowing. The number of pulses is 63.01% higher on the 8th day after marking with 32p tracer at the filling stage.
(4) Early emergence of strong seedlings, a significant increase in production
No-tillage fields have a good soil ecological environment. Seedlings emerge quickly, tiller is early, and the growth advantage is obvious. In each growth period, the leaf area index of no-tillage is high, the photosynthetic capacity of the colony is strong, and the yield per unit area increases by 5-20%.
Since the positioning study (4 years), there has been no adverse effect on the later cropping rice, but the relationship between long-term no-tillage and soil fertility, diseases and insect pests still needs to be explored. In addition, there are more weeds in no-tillage fields, and it is easy to lose fertilizer in the later stage, so appropriate supporting measures should be taken.
2. Semi-dry cultivation
Semi-dry cultivation of wheat is an important part of natural no-tillage in paddy fields. It uses the original ridges and ridges to make some corrections to sow wheat after the semi-arid rice harvest. The width of the wet and mud field is 170~200cm, generally 27~40cm, the width of the ditch is 33~40cm, and the depth of the ditch is 27~33cm. Cover the rice stubble and fertilizer with the dilute mud in the ditch, dry it for 1 to 2 days before sowing, and cover the seed with dry dregs or fine soil. During the wheat growth period, maintain a certain water level in the furrow (12-15cm from the box surface in the early period and 18cm in the late period) to prevent the ridge surface from drying, which is not only beneficial to the growth of wheat, but also to ensure timely planting of rice. This is an improvement in winter paddy field utilization. Effective Ways.
The production level of semi-dry wheat can generally reach 70% to 80% under dry farming conditions, and some soil types are higher than the dry farming level. Therefore, large areas of planting have been promoted in the three southwestern provinces. The reasons for the increase in production are the same as those for less tillage and no tillage, but the outstanding effect is to change the soil water and heat conditions. On the one hand, the ditch expands the depth of the wheat root system by about 10 cm, and the ridge surface is well-permeable, and there are capillary rise water, and the moisture is coordinated; on the other hand, the ditch increases the surface area of the soil, and the daytime temperature is 1.2-2.0 higher than that of normal cultivation. ℃, the maximum can reach 4℃, the night is 0.3～0.7℃ lower than normal cropping, and the soil light-receiving area increases by about 200～400㎡/mu. Under good water, heat, and air conditions, the activity of microorganisms and the decomposition of organic matter are promoted, and the soil's fertility supply capacity is improved.
Since semi-dry cultivation has a strong ability to supply fertilizers, nitrogen should be properly controlled in the early stage to avoid increasing ineffective tillers, but it is easy to lose fertilizer in the later stage. Therefore, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers should be supplemented on the basis of increasing organic fertilizers . In addition, the semi-arid cultivation of ridges and ridges, sowing and fertilizing, etc. requires more floristry, and it is necessary to improve the degree of mechanization and other supporting technologies to increase the level of wheat production in such low- and medium-yield fields.
High-yield technology
1. Pay attention to selecting plots with high fertility and water. High-yield and high-quality wheat varieties require comprehensive and sufficient soil nutrients to meet the needs of high-yield cultivation. Therefore, it is advisable to choose plots with high soil fertility and good watering conditions, increase organic fertilizers, and adopt formula fertilization techniques.
Second, note Sowing later at optimum, according to the characteristics of the species, determine the suitable planting density . It is necessary to prevent the broadcast volume from being too large, resulting in passive management in the later stage.
3. Pay attention to prevent lodging and reapply stand up jointing fertilizer. Some of the promoted high-quality wheat varieties are not resistant to lodging. Especially for wheat fields with too large populations, a chemical control treatment must be carried out before the greening to jointing, and paclobutrazol or Maiyefeng can be sprayed . It is necessary to re-apply the body jointing fertilizer to control the formation of excess falling ears and promote large ears and more grains.
Fourth, pay attention to pouring grouting water, wheat yellow water , and spraying foliar fertilizer to prevent premature aging. Pouring well grouting water plays an important role in increasing grain weight and preventing dry and hot wind . In dry weather, the use of wheat yellow water is conducive to interplanting the next crop to prevent premature aging. In the first and middle ten days of May, combined with the prevention and control of pests and diseases, spray 2 to 3 times of foliar fertilizer, such as 0.2% to 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate , which can reduce the damage of dry and hot wind and increase the yield.
5. Pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases. Generally speaking, high-quality wheat is more susceptible to pests and diseases, such as wheat sheath blight and powdery mildew. Aphids occur earlier and more severely than conventional varieties. Early prevention and control should be based on forecasts and forecasts.
6. When wheat [just breaks, before heading and blooming] reaches about 60% to 70%, spray Wheat Bao once to activate the biological enzyme activity in the wheat, promote the coordination of the development of female and male organs, and enhance the photosynthesis of functional leaves. Reduce the empty rate, increase the seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight, so as to achieve the effect of increasing production.
Drought resistance and yield increase
Deep and shallow rotation tillage, water storage with soil. Deep ploughing can break the bottom of the plough, increase water permeability, increase water storage, and can promote root down and expand the range of root absorption, and improve water and fertilizer use efficiency. However, deep ploughing must be adapted to the conditions of the land and time. Generally, deep ploughing is recommended in the years of early soil preparation, heavy rainfall, and sufficient moisture. The ploughing depth is 22-25 cm. False and serious loss of moisture content. Practice has proved that in 3-4 years, dry land wheat will be ploughed for one year with sufficient moisture content, and then shallow ploughing for 2-3 years will not only achieve the purpose of deep ploughing to improve soil, but also increase the chance of sinking soil to preserve moisture, which is to increase the yield of dry wheat. Important measures.
Increase the application of fertilizers and use fertilizers to divert water. Dryland wheat fields should use as much organic fertilizers as possible, and formulas enough inorganic fertilizers, especially enough phosphate fertilizers, to improve the soil, increase fertility, and increase water storage and fertilizer capacity and water use efficiency. For general plots, 2500-3000 kg of organic fertilizer can be applied per mu, 50 kg of ammonium bicarbonate and 50 kg of superphosphate , and appropriate amounts of potassium fertilizer and micro-fertilizers should be applied as appropriate; if the soil fertility is poor, standard nitrogen fertilizer can be applied continuously within three to four years. -60 kg, phosphate fertilizer 50-100 kg. For dryland high-yield wheat fields, the "one shot" fertilization method can be adopted, that is, all fertilizers are combined with soil preparation and applied to the soil as a base fertilizer at one time. Among them, nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in depth and phosphate fertilizer should be applied shallowly to facilitate the cultivation of strong seedlings before winter.
Use suppression to reduce water evaporation. Suppression in the single-row stage of wheat can increase the number of secondary roots per plant, increase the water absorption capacity of the plant, destroy the surface capillaries, and reduce water evaporation.
Disease control
Hazard wheat diseases are: wheat stripe rust , leaf rust, stem rust, fishy smut , loose smut, yellow dwarf disease, red dwarf disease, all disease , scab, leaf spot and so on. Insect pests include wheat aphids , wheat seed flies , midge , red spiders, leafhoppers , grubs, golden needle insects , mole crickets, wheat sawflies , wheat stalk flies, etc.
(1) Clean up deep trenches and canals in time
Excavating and perfecting a set of ditch in the field, draining open water to reduce dark stains, and doing everything possible to reduce stagnant water in the cultivated layer is the main goal of preventing wheat wet damage. Deep ditch large canals that have been out of repair for a long time should be dredged with silt to raise the field to lower the groundwater level, prevent frequent rains in winter and spring or excessive heavy rain, which is conducive to drainage of soil, so that the field water can flow into the ditch unimpeded. At the same time, the "three ditch" matching should be done well. Dry or paddy field wheat must be well-opened with compartment ditches, enclosing ditches, and waist ditches to ensure that the ditches are connected, and the fields are connected. The field is dry without rain, and the field is not stained or dark. To protect it from harm, it is recommended to plant large-scale continuous planting of water-watered wheat.
(2) Increase fertilizer
For wheat fields with severe wet damage, apply relay fertilizer early and reapply joint booting fertilizer to promote seedling upgrading. In winter, increase the use of thermal organic fertilizers, such as slag grass manure, pig manure, cow manure, plant ash, ditch horses, human feces and urine. Applying more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to chemical fertilizers is conducive to the development of roots, strong stalks, and reduce damage.
(3) Pick up the soil to loosen the moisture and increase the temperature
Enhance soil permeability, promote root development, increase tillers, and cultivate strong seedlings. Hoeing can promote the growth of wheat seedlings, accelerate the transformation of seedling conditions, and increase wheat ears and grains to increase yield.
(4) Protect leaves and prevent diseases
After the occurrence of rust, head blight, and powdery mildew, spray pesticides in time. In addition, you can spray "802" medicin, plant stress resistance increasing agent, Jiamufengshou liquid fertilizer, Huimanfeng, Cufengbao, Wanjiabao, etc. You can also spray 10ml of "Plant Power 2003" to 10L of clean water, once every 7-10 days, and spray twice in a row. Advocate the application of pure rare earth nutrient supplements, spraying 20-30L of clean water per 50g, the effect is good.
Prevent rust
Agricultural control: a. Plant disease-resistant varieties according to local conditions, pay attention to the reasonable mix and rotation of varieties. This is the basic measure to prevent and control wheat rust . The epidemic races of wheat rust disease change rapidly, and the epidemic races in different regions in the same period are different, so it is necessary to Continuously cultivate varieties that are resistant to new popular races. b. Adjust the sowing date. For example, in the vast winter wheat areas of Longnan, Longdong, North Sichuan, Guanzhong, and North China, it is not advisable to sow too early. The earlier the sowing, the earlier and more severe the occurrence of autumn slime rust, which provides a source of overwintering bacteria for the local area. Therefore, under the premise of preserving moisture, it should be avoided as early as possible. c. Timely plowing and stubble elimination and inter-cultivation to eliminate volunteer wheat seedlings and reduce the source of bacteria. d. Do a good job in the rational distribution of disease-resistant varieties in the region and cut off the route of bacterial source transmission. There is a lot of rain and high humidity in the wheat fields in the south, which is conducive to the development of rust. Strengthening the drainage of ditches can reduce the damage. e. Apply fertilizer reasonably and evenly. Control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and appropriately increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to prevent greedy green and late maturity and aggravate rust damage. Especially in areas where the soil lacks phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, adding these two fertilizers can reduce the damage of rust. f. Strengthen forecasting and timely spray medicine to control disease.
Chemical control : a. Medicament dressing to reduce pathogenic bacteria. For plots with severe disease of autumn seedlings, use 60-100 grams of 15% Fenmeining wettable powder or 12.5% Subaoli wettable powder to dress seeds with about 60 grams per 50 kilograms of seeds. Be sure to mix dry, mix well, and strictly control the amount of the medicine. A slight concentration will affect the emergence of seedlings. b. Field control. In autumn and early spring, when rust centers are found in the field, they should be sprayed and controlled in time. If the diseased leaf rate reaches 5% and the severity is less than 10%, use 50 grams of 15% Fenmeining wettable powder or 20% Fenmeining EC 40 ml per acre, or 25% Fenmeining wettable powder 30 grams per acre, or 12.5 % Subaoli WP is 15-30 grams per mu, spray 50-70 kg of water, or spray 10-15 kg of water with low volume. If the diseased leaf rate reaches more than 25% and the severity exceeds 10% in the epidemic year, the dosage should be increased. Depending on the severity of the disease, spray with a concentration of 2 to 3 times the above dosage. Common agents are: triadimefon , speed Poly , dry Ling wide, wide 3% dry Ling agent.
Matters needing attention: In the early stage of rust disease, the effect of pesticide control is best. If a pandemic occurs, in addition to timely prevention and control of severely ill wheat fields, chemical control should be applied to the surrounding wheat fields with mild and non-morbidities to control the further spread of the disease and reduce it. loss.
Control pests
Agricultural control: a. Plant disease-resistant varieties, especially those with slow (tolerant) white powdery. In areas with frequent and severe diseases, the resistance requirements for varieties should be higher, and lower in general disease areas; b. Reasonably close planting according to the characteristics of the variety and the fertility level of the wheat field; c. The use of correct cultivation measures can reduce the disease. For example, fertilization should be reasonable, pay attention to the combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers, and appropriately increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Pay attention to ditching and drainage in the southern wheat area, and water in the northern wheat area at the right time to make the plants grow stronger and enhance disease resistance. In addition, in areas where volunteer wheat seedlings can over-summer, the volunteer wheat seedlings in the fields and yards should be removed as much as possible before the autumn sowing of wheat to reduce the source of bacteria in the autumn seedling period.
Chemical control: When the planted varieties are not resistant to disease or have weak disease resistance, chemical control is the most important control measure. The focus of chemical control is on areas and wheat fields with good growth, high yield, and severe disease. Commonly used agents: a. Triadimefon (Fenmeining), with 8 grams of active ingredients per mu, sprayed once during the booting-heading stage of wheat, which can generally control the damage of this disease and also treat wheat rust. In areas where there are more incidences of autumn seedlings, dressing seeds with triadimefon can effectively control the disease in the autumn seedling period, reduce the amount of overwintering bacteria, and can also cure various smut and rust in the autumn seedling period. The dosage of the seed dressing is 0.03% of the weight of the seed (active ingredient); b. Baofengning, Zhibaoning, and compound Fenxining, etc., have better control effects, and the dosage and usage are the same as that of triadimefon; c. Triadimenol (hydroxyl Propionitine), its application method is the same as that of triadimefon, and the dosage is reduced by half; d. Sulfur preparations, such as Baume 0.5～0.8 degree lime sulfur mixture , colloidal sulfur 200 times liquid, 50% sulfur suspension 0.5 kg per mu, These drugs generally need to be sprayed more than 2 times, with an interval of about 7 days each time, and the time to start spraying should also be earlier.
Matters needing attention: In the early stage of powdery mildew, the effect of drug control is best. If most of the leaves, stems and ears of the whole plant are affected, the spraying is basically ineffective. The disease is controlled mainly by the disease resistance of the species itself, but it needs to be controlled. The spread of the disease is harmful.
Bunt, total rot and powdery mildew control
Generally, pesticide dressing can not only prevent and control wheat smut, but also effectively control the occurrence and damage of wheat rust, total rot and powdery mildew before winter, and reduce the amount of overwintering bacteria.
(1) For areas where loose smut, bunting, root rot, sheath blight, and total rot disease occur, 40% pentachloronitrobenzene can be used for dry mixing at 0.5% of the weight of the wheat seed (ie 40 grams per mu, mixed with about 8 kilograms of wheat), to prevent and control bunt of wheat; you can also choose a bag (10 ml) of 6% tebuconazole (Likexiu) suspension, add 0.8-1 kg of water, and dress the seeds for 50- 70 kg, or 2.5% fludioxonil (Silox) suspending agent is used to dress wheat seeds at the recommended dosage, and it can also cure autumn seedling rust and powdery mildew; dress seeds with 15% Fenmeining wettable powder at 0.2% of the seed weight Or 20% triadimefon EC 1 catty plus 5 catties water, mixed with 500 catties of wheat seeds, can prevent powdery mildew and leaf rust.
(2) For areas with severe occurrence of wheat rot disease , 12.5% silicanil (Taiwanjing) suspension agent can be used for seed treatment, which has a good control effect on wheat rot disease. Generally use a bag of total erosion (20ml), add 300-500ml of water first, mix 20-25 kg of seeds, mix well and plant for 6-12 hours (it is helpful for the use of the medicine and kill the germs on the seeds) , Sowing after drying in the shade.
(3) In areas where wheat yellow dwarf disease and bushy dwarf disease occur, imidacloprid can be used to treat seeds to prevent and control virus-transmitting insects, to control the occurrence and damage of wheat yellow dwarf disease and bushy dwarf disease, and to treat underground pests at the same time .
(4) In areas where a variety of diseases and pests are mixed, it is necessary to vigorously promote the application of seed coating agents or seed dressing agents combined with fungicides and insecticides for coating or seed treatment. All localities should choose the appropriate formulation of seed coating or seed dressing according to the main local pests and diseases . The dosage is generally the same as the effective ingredients of the single agent in the compound (mixed) agent.
(5) Prevention of dead wheat seedlings in winter
Physical death. Under normal conditions, wheat can withstand a low temperature of minus 15 ℃ during the winter without freezing damage. However, wheat seedlings that grow too vigorously or too weakly have low sugar content at the tillers and weak resistance. Even if the temperature is less than minus 15 ℃, the phenomenon of seedling death often occurs, especially when the temperature changes drastically. The seedling phenomenon is more serious. Dry and hungry. In early spring, the topsoil melts, the lower layer is still frozen, the leaves begin to evaporate, and the roots cannot absorb nutrients and water, resulting in dryness or starvation, and serious plant deaths.
Death by asphyxiation. Generally, the winter water is poured too late or the green water is poured too early, and the amount is large. When the water does not penetrate, the ground will form an ice crust, and the wheat seedlings will die due to suffocation due to lack of oxygen.
The drought died. Most of them are due to extensive soil preparation, too shallow sowing, poor moisture content, and weak root system, which makes the growth of wheat seedlings weak, and the tillering nodes are in dry soil. When the soil is frozen, the roots are not easy to absorb water, and there is still transpiration above the ground, which makes the wheat seedlings. It is difficult to maintain water balance in the body, and it is easy to die.
Ling Qi, Ling Jie. The seedlings are weak, the soil has a lot of moisture, the lower layer is frozen, and the volume is enlarged. The frozen soil layer lifts the soil and the roots together, and the roots are pulled off and die. Some are not dead, the tillers are exposed on the ground, no secondary roots can occur, and the plants are swaying. If the soil is not cultivated in time, they will die in the spring.
Control measures: fine soil preparation for autumn planting, increased fertilizer application, selection of resistant varieties, sowing with sufficient moisture content, cultivating strong seedlings, and timely and appropriate winter irrigation. According to the moisture and seedling conditions, measures such as hoeing, suppression, and covering of soil and miscellaneous fertilizers are adopted to enhance the resistance of wheat seedlings.
Species classification
Skin color division of wheat grains
According to the different skin color of wheat grains, wheat can be divided into red wheat and white wheat, referred to as red wheat and white wheat for short. Red wheat (also known as red wheat) has a dark red or reddish-brown skin; white wheat (also known as white wheat) has a yellow-white or milky white skin. The mixture of red and white wheat is called mixed wheat.
Grain quality division of wheat grains
According to the different grain quality, wheat can be divided into durum wheat and soft wheat, referred to as durum and soft wheat for short. The endosperm structure of hard wheat is compact and translucent, which is also called horny or vitreous; the endosperm structure of soft wheat is loose and gypsum-like, also called silty. As far as wheat grains are concerned, when the keratin occupies more than 1/2 of the cross-section of its middle part, it is called a keratin plasmid, which is called hard wheat; and when its keratin is less than 1/2, it is called a flour plasmid, which is soft wheat. For a batch of wheat, according to Chinese standards, durum wheat refers to wheat with a keratin rate of not less than 70%; soft wheat refers to wheat with a flour content of not less than 70%.
Sort by sowing season
According to different sowing seasons, wheat can be divided into spring wheat and winter wheat. Spring wheat refers to the wheat sown in spring and harvested in the summer or autumn of the year; winter wheat refers to the wheat sown in autumn and winter and harvested in the summer of the second year.
New varieties of wheat | ||||
Yumai 7 | Miannong 6 | Yangmai 12 | Huai Mai 16 | Huai Mai 18 |
Yumai 58 | Yan Mai 8911 | Gaoyou 503 | Zhongyu 6 | Handan 4589 |
Longmai 26 | Longfumai 10 | Ningnong 2 | Jinmai 63 | Longfumai 8 |
River barley 107 | West Anhui 8906 | Annong 92484 | Huai Mai No.17 | Xuzhou 25 |
Yumai 49 | Yumai 51 | Yumai 62 | Handan 5316 | Sichuan Nongmai No.1 |
Kawaiku 14 | Emai 12 | Jingdong 8 | Mianyang 28 | Stone 4185 |
Wanmai 19 | Wanmai 38 | Changwu 134 | Huai Mai 14 | Jimai 37 |
Jimai 38 | Jinmai 47 | Liaochun 10 | Longmai 19 | Lu wheat 15 |
Mianyang 24 | Mianyang 26 | Qin Mai 8918 | / | New Year No. 6 |
Yumai 34 | Yumai 41 | Zhengfeng 3 | Zhongmai 9 | Chuyu 9507 |
Storage
Storage principle
① Post-ripening effect. Generally, the post-ripening period of semi-winter wheat is 60-70 days, and the post-ripening period of winter wheat is 80 days. In the post-ripening period, the respiration of seeds is very vigorous, continuously releasing water and carbon dioxide , causing the surface of the seeds to wet. For this reason, wheat seeds that have not completed the post-ripening effect have poor stability during storage, and measures must be taken to accelerate the completion of the post-ripening stage.
Dry air, sufficient oxygen, and sun exposure are all conducive to the ripening of seeds.
② Heat resistance. The seeds that have not completed the maturation effect have strong heat resistance. For wheat seeds with a water content of more than 16%, as long as the seed temperature does not exceed 50 degrees in a short period of time, the drying treatment will not reduce the germination rate of the seeds. The hot warehousing of wheat seeds is based on this principle.
However, the heat resistance of wheat seeds that have completed the post-ripening effect is significantly reduced. If high temperature treatment is used, the germination rate of the seeds will be affected. For this reason, for the Sanyi wheat seeds that have completed the physiological post-ripening and higher water content, It is advisable to use the sun to dry, but not to use high-temperature drying, and it is not suitable to heat the seeds into the warehouse for treatment.
③Hygroscopicity. Wheat seeds are highly hygroscopic and have a high moisture absorption rate. They are easy to absorb moisture in the air, especially when the air humidity is high, which will increase the moisture content of the seeds.
Storage method
①Keep it in the warehouse and keep it tightly . In the sunny weather in midsummer and the temperature is high, the wheat temperature will be exposed to about 50℃ for more than two hours, and the moisture will drop below 12.5%. The pile will be piled around 3 pm, put into the warehouse while it is hot, and the pile will be covered, and the whole warehouse will be packed. Airtight, keep the grain temperature above 40℃ for about 10 days, and all pests that have not died in the sun will die. Depending on the situation, the airtight can be continued, or it can be turned into ventilation.
②Frozen at low temperature . Using the low temperature in winter, turn the warehouse, remove impurities, and freeze the wheat to lower the temperature of the wheat to around 0℃, and then seal it while it is cold, which has a good effect on eliminating the overwintering pests in the wheat pile, but the low temperature airtight wheat pile, Strictly prevent the contact of warm air to avoid condensation on the surface of the wheat pile.
③ Natural hypoxia . The wheat is harvested at high temperature. If it is dry and timely, the precipitation is below 12.5%, the higher temperature of the grain and the vigorous physiological activities in the post-ripening period can be used to seal the wheat to achieve the natural hypoxia state of the wheat pile , thereby inhibiting the damage of pests. For the second-year aging wheat, methods such as auxiliary oxygen reduction, or carbon dioxide or nitrogen filling can be used to prevent and control the storage of pests.
④ Dry and airtight . As long as the wheat meets the storage requirements, it can be piled into the warehouse and sealed with a cover to prevent moisture absorption and insect pests. This is particularly effective in inhibiting the reproduction of wheat moths. In the high temperature season, pay attention to insect control, actively ventilate after the autumn cool, and uncover the cover to cool down To dissipate dampness; strengthen the cover or airtight after the spring is warm to keep the grain piles low and dry without insects. In short, only by adopting scientific storage and storage methods can the normal life characteristics of wheat be guaranteed.
Quality standard
The softness and hardness of wheat grain texture is an important indicator for evaluating wheat processing quality and eating quality, and is closely related to wheat breeding and trade prices. Hardness is one of the important basis for the classification and pricing of wheat markets at home and abroad, and it is also one of the important breeding goals of breeders in various countries.
Wheat hardness is defined as the resistance to crushing the kernel, that is, the force required to crush the kernel. The texture and appearance (transparency) of wheat endosperm are two different concepts. The hardness is determined by the binding strength between the protein matrix and starch in the endosperm cells, and this binding strength is genetically controlled. In hard wheat, the cell content is tightly bound. The starch and protein contained in the endosperm cells of soft wheat are similar in appearance to hard wheat, but the bond between protein and starch is easily broken. The starch grains of soft wheat have more molecular weights attached to the surface of the starch grains. 15K Daltons of protein, while durum wheat has little or no protein content on the surface of starch grains. The presence of starch grain protein physically weakens the binding strength between protein and starch. This hypothesis about wheat hardness is The current theoretical explanation accepted by the grain chemistry community. The appearance (transparency) of wheat endosperm is affected by external factors such as wheat cultivation, growth and drying conditions, and is not hereditary. When there are air gaps in the grains, due to diffraction and diffuse light, the grains appear opaque or silty. When the grains are packed tightly, there is no air gap, and the light diffracts at the interface between the air and the grains and passes through the grains to form translucent vitreous. The air gaps in the kernels are caused by the shrinkage and cracking of proteins during the drying process in the field. When the grain is dried and loses water, the protein of the vitreous grain remains intact when it is shrunk to form a denser grain, so it is more transparent. Generally speaking, high-protein durum wheat tends to be vitreous, and low-protein soft wheat tends to be opaque. Transparency and hardness are not caused by the same fundamental factor, and the two are not always related. Sometimes, it is entirely possible that durum wheat is opaque but soft wheat is keratinous . Wetting the wheat with all keratin plasmids and then drying it quickly will turn the wheat into flour-plasmid characteristics, but the hardness of the wheat is basically unchanged before and after the test.
The milling quality of wheat is closely related to grain hardness. The change of wheat hardness can cause great changes in the quantity and quality of the products in the process of wheat flour milling, the work efficiency of each equipment, the flour yield and the quality of flour, and the power consumption of processing. The starch grains and protein matrix in the durum wheat endosperm are densely packed. The durum wheat endosperm grains (dregs) are difficult to be ground in the heart milling system to meet the particle size requirements. The grinding consumes more energy, but the endosperm is easy to separate from the bran. High flour extraction rate, less wheat gluten, good color, low ash content , and most of them rupture along the direction of the endosperm cell wall rather than through the cell inclusions during crushing , forming coarse flour with larger particles and a more regular shape, fluidity Good, easy to sieve; on the contrary, soft wheat flour has small and irregular grains, rough surface, small particle size distribution and more small grains. Soft wheat flour and its intermediate materials for milling are relatively fluffy, with low density and poor fluidity , It is easy to cause blockage of the powder road, and the screening efficiency is also poor. The overall performance is that the total powder output rate is reduced when processing soft wheat, the output is reduced, the total power consumption is increased, and the operation and management difficulty is increased. The wheat flour milling process and the corresponding equipment technical parameters are usually determined according to the hardness range of the raw material wheat to be processed, and the determined flour milling process has great limitations on the adaptation range of the hardness of the raw material wheat. Therefore, pre-determining the hardness of raw wheat has important technical guiding significance for timely adjustment of the milling process and corresponding technical parameters, determining the wheat blending plan, maintaining the material balance and production stability of the process, and improving production efficiency.
The methods for measuring the hardness of wheat include the keratin rate method, the pressure method, the grinding method, and the near-infrared method.
The new "Wheat" national standard (GB 1351-2008) will be formally implemented on May 1, 2008.
The new "Wheat" national standard is to meet the needs of the development of wheat production and circulation. The National Food Administration organized relevant experts and coordinated various departments to revise the 1999 version of the "Wheat" national standard. The main content of the standard revision is to modify the wheat classification inspection method, change the sensory inspection to instrumental inspection, and establish the Chinese wheat hardness classification evaluation system. The second is to simplify the classification of wheat. In the new standard, the classification of wheat has been adjusted from the original 9 to 5, and the original classification based on winter and spring sowing is cancelled. The third is to appropriately relax the restrictions on the imperfect grains of medium wheat, which is consistent with international standards. The fourth is to increase the label identification requirements, stipulate that the wheat variety name, category, grade, origin, harvest time, etc. should be indicated on the packaging or in the accompanying documents to facilitate the traceability of wheat products.
The State Grain Administration emphasizes that the national wheat standard is a mandatory national standard. According to the requirements of relevant Chinese laws and regulations, the mandatory standard must be implemented. Products that do not meet the mandatory standard are prohibited from being produced, sold and imported. The national wheat standards must be strictly implemented in the production, purchase, storage, processing, and sales of wheat. The implementation of national standards in the purchase of summer grains shall be subject to key supervision and inspection, and non-implementation of the new standards shall be seriously investigated and punished in accordance with relevant laws and regulations.
Reasons for implementing the new wheat national standard
Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, April 30. The new national wheat standard approved by the State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the National Standardization Administration will be officially implemented on May 1, 2008. The implementation of this standard will bring China's wheat into line with the standards of the world's major wheat countries, and will play an important role in ensuring the objective and fair quality of wheat procurement, protecting the interests of grain farmers, and will have a positive impact on improving the quality of wheat flour.
Protect the interests of farmers and improve the quality of wheat flour. Change sensory inspection to instrumental inspection. Implement instrumental inspection of wheat classification to minimize the human error caused by sensory inspection, further promote the optimization of wheat quality, promote the production of high-quality wheat, guide the form of wheat market prices, and improve the processing quality of wheat flour.
Integrate with international standards and promote the development of wheat production and trade. The new standard establishes a classification and evaluation system for Chinese wheat hardness based on the analysis of China's wheat quality survey and inspection data. The National Grain Administration organized experts to conduct a comprehensive and systematic inspection of wheat samples from major wheat-producing provinces. Based on the large amount of analytical data obtained, after full discussion and consultation with experts from various parties, major wheat-producing provinces and relevant state departments, it was determined that the hardness index was greater than or equal to 60. Hard wheat, less than or equal to 45 soft wheat, and mixed wheat in between.
Guide the production and pricing of high-quality wheat. Compared with the American standard of a major wheat producing and exporting country, the hardness index of 60 in the Chinese standard corresponds to the "medium hard wheat" of the United States, which belongs to the lower limit of the American hard wheat classification.
Main value
Medicinal value
Medicine part: harvest ears in autumn , dry them in the sun, lay the fruits, remove impurities, take mature fruits (wheat) and immature fruits (floating wheat), and dry them for later use.
Identification of medicinal materials: The caryopsis are oblong in shape, with slightly pointed ends, up to 6mm in length and 1.5 to 2.5mm in diameter. The surface is light yellow-brown or yellow, slightly shrunken, with a longitudinal deep groove in the center of the ventral surface, with yellow-white pilose at the top. Hard quality, white cross-section, powdery. Weak breath, weak taste. Products sometimes have unclean glumes and palea, glumes are leathery, with sharp ridges, and tip protrusions; lemmas are membranous, with awns on the top, and palea is thick and papery, without awns.
Chemical composition: Seedlings contain Apignin-di-C-acylglycosides, one of this new glycoside is Sinapyl-8-D-galactosyl-6-C-arabinosylapigenin. In addition, it also contains Vicenin—1.isoscha—ftoside, and schaftoside or their galactosyl isomers and glucopyranosyloxy-2—(4-hydroxyphenyl)—2S—acetonitrile] . Leaves and stems contain CH3(CH2)7CHO and its isomers, aldehydes and alcohols and other volatile substances.
The seed contains 53% to 70% starch, about 11% protein, 2% to 7% sugar, 2% to 10% dextrin, about 1.6% fat, and about 2% crude fiber. Fatty oils are mainly glycerides of oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid , and stearic acid . It still contains a small amount of sitosterol, lecithin, allantoin , arginine, amylase , maltase, proteinase and trace vitamin B, etc. Wheat germ contains plant lectins .
Nature and flavor function: Chinese medicine is sweet in taste and cool in nature. Wheat: Nourish the mind and calm the nerves, relieve troubles. Floating wheat: replenishing qi, removing heat, antiperspirant.
Indications: Treatment of restlessness, insomnia, women's irritability, irritability , depression , sadness and crying. Floating wheat: cure spontaneous perspiration , night sweats, bone steaming and fever.
Dosage and usage Chinese medicine 30～60g, decocted in water; appropriate amount of wheat noodles for external use, adjust and apply the burned area.
Avoid wheat noodles against Hanjiao and Luosuan .
Immature wheat can also be used as medicine to treat night sweats, etc.; wheat husks can treat beriberi .
Nutritional value
Wheat rich in starch, protein, fat, minerals, calcium, iron, thiamine , riboflavin , niacin and vitamin A and the like. Due to different varieties and environmental conditions, the nutritional content is quite different. From the perspective of protein content, the grains of wheat grown in continental arid climate regions are hard and transparent, with high protein content of 14% to 20%, strong and elastic gluten, suitable for baking bread; wheat grown in humid conditions The grain contains 8%-10% protein, the grain is soft, and the gluten is poor. It can be seen that the influence of geographical climate on the formation process of the product is very important.
Except for human consumption, flour is only used in a small amount to produce starch, alcohol , gluten, etc. The by-products after processing are all high-quality feeds for livestock. Eating whole wheat can reduce the content of estrogen in the blood circulation, thereby achieving the purpose of preventing breast cancer ; for menopausal women , eating unrefined wheat can also relieve menopausal syndrome .
nutrient content
The main components of wheat are carbohydrates , fat, protein, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, vitamin B1 , vitamin B2 and niacin, as well as an allantoin component. In addition, wheat germ is also rich in dietary fiber and vitamin E , and a small amount of arginine , amylase, sitosterol, lecithin and proteolytic enzymes in the heart .
(Included in every 100g)
Ingredient name content | |||
Edible part 100 | Cholesterol (mg) 0 | Vitamin C (mg) 0 | Sodium (mg) 6.8 |
Moisture (g) 10 | Ash (g) 1.6 | Vitamin E (T) mg 1.48 | Magnesium (mg) 4 |
Energy (kcal) 317 | Vitamin A (mg) 0 | a-E1.48 | Iron (mg) 5.1 |
Energy (kJ) 1326 | Carotene (mg) 0 | （Β-γ） -E0.24 | Zinc (mg) 2.33 |
Protein (g) 11.9 | Retinol (mg) 0 | δ-E0.1 | Selenium (μg) 4.05 |
Fat (g) 1.3 | Thiamine (μg) 0.4 | Calcium (mg) 34 | Copper (mg) 0.43 |
Carbohydrate (g) 75.2 | Riboflavin (mg) 0.1 | Phosphorus (mg) 325 | Manganese (mg) 3.1 |
Dietary fiber (g) 10.8 | Niacin (mg) 4 | Potassium (mg) 289 | Iodine (mg) 0 |
Therapeutic value
Wheat bran and wheat germ are usually added to cereal breakfast foods or added to fillings and flour pastries. Mixing refined white flour with wheat germ or wheat bran can increase the nutritional value of the flour (use 1/4 cup of wheat germ instead of 1/4 cup of flour). Sprinkling wheat germ on vegetables and omelets can increase nutritional value. Wheat germ can also be used to replace nuts in cakes and cookies.
Semolina is small grains made by crushing coarse wheat. It must be soaked before cooking (1 cup of wheat with 2 cups of water), and the cooking time is 30-40 minutes. Semolina can be added to the dough used to make bread, and can also be used as a breakfast food or cream dessert.
The raw oatmeal should be soaked for a few hours before being eaten, and then cooked for about an hour, using 2 cups of water for each cup of oatmeal. The nutritional value of cooked oatmeal depends largely on the degree of refinement and the cooking process of the wheat. Raw oatmeal is obtained in the same way as rolled oats. The grains are ground in a large drum.
Yi Shi: lack of effort , palpitations, anxiety, and more yawn, insomnia , joy and sadness Yuku beriberi, peripheral neuritis , weakness, spontaneous sweating, sweating, sweating embolism in patients fit for human consumption. In addition, women's breastfeeding is also suitable for consumption.
Not to eat: People with diabetes and other diseases are not suitable for consumption.
The new wheat is hot in nature, and the old wheat is flat in nature. Peeled wheat and porridge with red beans can nourish body fluids and nourish stomach and reduce edema. It can remove heat, relieve polydipsia, dry throat, facilitate urination, nourish liver qi, stop bleeding and saliva, and can make women easy to get pregnant. It nourishes the heart, suitable for people with heart disease. Torture it into soup and eat, can cure gonorrhea . It can kill roundworms , decoct Chen Mai into soup for drinking, and can also stop sweating. Burn it to ashes and mix it with oil to treat various sores and soup-fire burns.
Floating wheat : Mainly replenish qi and remove heat, stop spontaneous and night sweats Treat adults and children with tuberculosis deficiency and fever, and women with labored fever.
Noodles: Indications for invigorating deficiency, long-term consumption, strengthening muscles, nourishing intestines and stomach, and strengthening vitality. It can nourish qi, make up for deficiencies, and help the five internal organs. Mixing it with water can treat heatstroke , horse disease and lung heat. Apply it to the carbuncle wound to disperse blood and relieve pain.
Wheat bran: Indications of plague and heat sore, soup and fire sore ulcers, bruises and bruises. After frying with vinegar and wheat bran, stick it to the affected area. After steaming it with vinegar, it is used to iron the hands and feet, rheumatism, arthralgia , cold and damp beriberi, alternate use until sweating, the effect is good. Rinse it into the end and take it to stop sweating. Ordinary people with body aches, sores, ulcers and pus, or children with acne in summer and ulcers that can’t sleep, can be sutured with wheat bran on a mattress. Because wheat bran is cool and soft, this is indeed a good way.
Wheat flour: Indications for nourishing the middle, nourishing qi and meridian, and five internal organs, regulating meridians. Stir-fry a bowl of wheat flour and soup to stop dysentery. Boil wheat flour and vinegar into a paste, which can relieve any pain, swelling, and hot soup.
Ornamental value
Wheat can be used as cut flowers for decoration in bouquets, and it can also be used as a material for flower arrangements.
Related events
Gene map
In 2017, the research team led by Jia Jizeng, a researcher at the Institute of Crop Science of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, revealed the important function of the transposon (TE) in the wheat genome in the wheat D genome sequencing study, and completed the chromosome-level D genome The drawing of fine atlas, and a complete integrated atlas was obtained for the first time. Related research papers were published online on November 20 in the journal "Nature·Plants".
Wheat is one of the most important crops in the world. Its genome is huge and complex. Compared with other crops, the content of transposons is particularly high. This makes it extremely difficult to sequence and assemble the wheat genome. Aegilops is a donor species of wheat D genome, which is very important for wheat variety improvement.
market price
The National Development and Reform Commission, the National Grain Administration, and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued the " 2016 Lowest Purchase Price Implementation Plan for Wheat and Rice ."
1. The lowest purchase price: wheat (third class) 50kg/118 yuan.
2. Main producing areas: Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Henan and Hubei 6 provinces.
3. Execution time: May 21 to September 30, 2016.
4. Standard product: National standard (GB1351-2008) third-class wheat.
(1) The hardness index of hard white wheat is ≥60, the hardness index of soft white wheat is ≤45, and the white or yellow-white grains of the seed coat are ≥90%.
(2) The hardness index of hard red wheat is ≥60, the hardness index of soft red wheat is ≤45, and the dark red or reddish brown kernels of the seed coat are ≥90%.
(3) The specific quality indicators of the standard product are: 750g/L≤bulk density<770g/L; moisture≤12.5%; impurities≤1%; imperfect grains≤8%.
On October 27, 2017, with the approval of the State Council, the minimum purchase price for wheat (third-class) produced in 2018 was 115 yuan per 50 kilograms, a reduction of 3 yuan from 2017 .
On November 16, 2018, with the approval of the State Council, the minimum purchase price of wheat (third class) produced in 2019 was 112 yuan per 50 kilograms, a decrease of 3 yuan from 2018 .
Include in insurance
In order to promote the long-term sustainable development of my country’s seed production industry, stabilize the supply of major food crop seeds, and ensure national food security, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission recently issued a notice to incorporate the seed production of the three major food crops of rice, corn, and wheat into the central government. In the catalog of subsidies for financial agricultural insurance premiums, the proportion of subsidies is in accordance with the relevant provisions of the subsidy management measures on planting industry.
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